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本帖最后由 Jwang 于 2011-11-20 14:05 编辑
从来没听过Jazz是从古典里产生的。看看这段英文
JAZZ HISTORY TIMELINE
1600s
The JAZZistry story begins some four hundred years ago when the English, French, Spanish, Portuguese and Dutch competed for control of the Atlantic slave trade. It's estimated that by 1860, more than 10 million Africans had been captured and transported to the Americas. This human atrocity ravaged populations primarily in regions we now call Ghana, Togo, Benin and Nigeria. They were transported mostly to the Caribbean Islands and Spanish colonies in Central and South America. Only an estimated 6 percent of these victims of slavery were traded in British North America. Far from homogeneous, they were diverse in linguistic, ethnic, and spiritual heritages. This diversity was reflected in their rich musical traditions.
1700s
By 1750, enslaved Africans constituted 20 percent of the population in British North America, almost 240,000 people. The majority lived in the Southern colonies though slavery also existed in Northern colonies. At the same time, particularly in Maryland, a small population of free blacks did exist.
Because England's industrial revolution was funded by profits from the British slave trade and from colonial America's slave-produced sugar and tobacco crops, British slave ships were bringing as great a number as 50,000 enslaved Africans to the New World each year by the 1790's.
Slavery took a slightly different cultural turn in the French-dominated city of New Orleans, founded in 1718. Here, free colored people called Creoles co-existed with whites and slaves. Creoles were the racially mixed children of French slave masters and enslaved African women. These biracial children were given more privileges than black children. They were often educated in the finest schools, trained as musicians, and allowed access to white society. According to custom, many French slave owners would free their slaves—and, especially their Creole children--immediately prior to their own death. With freedom,
Creoles were able to achieve opportunities in society and wealth that approximated the status and rights of white people. However, when the Spanish took over New Orleans in 1764, Creoles lost their social and economic status, a change that forced them to look for work. Many became traveling musicians, a phenomenon that would evolve into the Southern minstrel show. These Creole musicians and their descendants became the primary inventors of early jazz.
At the same time, largely through the social action of Quaker women, Connecticut and Rhode Island were the first northern colonies to initiate gradual emancipation of enslaved people, and in 1774, the first laws prohibiting slavery were passed.
1800s
Eleven million Africans had been forcibly taken from their homelands and an estimated 600,000 had been sold into slavery in North America by 1807, when the British abolished their slave trade. In fact, the period from 1798 to1808 was the largest slave importation into the United States, totaling about 200,000. Even though United States citizens were prohibited from exporting slaves, the slave trade continued within the country.
During the Civil War, Frederick Douglass and others, encouraged Lincoln to recruit African American soldiers. But, this was not a popular idea. Lincoln feared that the shaky allegiance of the Union’s border states would be tested to the limit, seriously threatening the Union’s existence.
Some Black soldiers were allowed to enlist in the Union Army. But the black troops were segregated from the white army were subjected to sub-standard conditions, and rarely allowed to fight. Most of them were restricted to supporting tasks behind the battle lines. But, because the war was long, and causalities were high, often black troops were called in as reinforcements, and many distinguished themselves through acts of patriotism an bravery.
Immediately after the Civil War, in 1867, black men cast ballots for the first time. The passage of the 15th Amendment, granted all rights of citizenship to men born in the US and to immigrant men who had been naturalized. (American Indian men were excluded, and were only granted the vote 54 years later, in 1921, when the Citizenship Act amended the 15th Amendment. This follows Women Suffrage with the 19th Amendment, in 1920.)
During Reconstruction, 265 black men were elected as delegates to ten state conventions. Of these men, 107 had been born into slavery, and 40 had served in the Union Army during the Civil War.
After the Emancipation several Northern religious societies founded dozens of black colleges and schools across the South, with the purpose of educating black students to become teachers, craftsmen and other leaders. These efforts continued during the Reconstruction Period. Known today as Historically Black Colleges and Universities or “HBCUs”, they include Tuskegee Institute in Alabama, Spelman College and Morehouse University in Georgia, Howard University in Washington DC, and Fisk University in Tennessee, among approximately 100 others.
The 1871 concert tour of The Jubilee Singers of Fisk University marks an historic threshold in the development of American music. The Jubilee Singers (pictured below, in a typical souvenir card) toured the US and Europe, performing traditional work songs and spirituals in their regular choir repertoire. They provided white audiences in both continents with their very first exposure to the lives and music of black Americans. The music was extremely popular and people called the song form of aspiritual, “a jubilee”. The financial success of their tours allowed Fisk to flourish; the cultural success developed new awareness and respect for traditional African American culture and music.
Racial segregation was a harsh reality in 19th century America. It led to universal double standards, where virtually all conditions and opportunities were inferior to those of white people. Though African Americans were no longer enduring slavery, they were still subjected to abusive and cruel treatment of a largely racist culture.
Deeply rooted racist attitudes persisted after the Civil War. African Americans were subjected to brutal forms of racism and discrimination, with little recourse. Called “Jim Crow laws”, the double standard of white and black lives was viciously enforced and had devastating economic and human costs. Jim Crow segregation and discrimination policies throughout the South severely restricted the lives and freedoms of African Americans and caused many to flee the South. Racial segregation and discriminatory treatment were also typical in northern areas, as well, though northern cities did typically offer some expanded opportunities to African Americans.
The term "Jim Crow" is derived from a popular song performed in minstrel show tradition, or minstrelsy era. The traveling stage shows became popular in the 1830's and eventually evolved into vaudeville theatre. One routine called "Jump Jim Crow" was broad slapstick performed by a white actor in cork-face paint, ridiculing black people, which was typical in the popular entertainment of the era.
Meanwhile, in the 1890's, the earliest forms of jazz began to emerge in New Orleans, a multiracial and multicultural French-ruled city with a social order that demanded music and revelry. Creole musicians were combining the elements of West African work songs, slave spirituals, minstrel and vaudeville shows, and rural blues expression with the European brass band instruments and harmonies. This newly born hybrid music filled the streets of New Orleans on every occasion from parades to funeral marches.
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发表于 2011-11-20 20:35:19
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发表于 2011-11-20 14:44:51
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发表于 2011-11-20 10:06:04
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